Dexmedetomidine-Esketamine Combination on Depression and Anxiety After Laparoscopic Ureteral Reconstruction

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Aged ≥ 18 years; 2. Diagnosed with ureteral stricture and scheduled for elective laparoscopic ureteral reconstruction under general anesthesia; 3. Requiring patient-controlled intravenous analgesia after surgery. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Preoperative inability to communicate due to coma, delirium, severe dementia, or language barrier; 2. History of schizophrenia, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, or myasthenia gravis; 3. Presence of preexisting left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) \< 30%, sick sinus syndrome, severe sinus bradycardia (heart rate \< 50 beats/min), or atrioventricular block above grade II without pacemaker implanted; 4. Uncontrolled hyperthyroidism or history of pheochromocytoma; 5. Severe hepatic insufficiency (Child-Pugh Class C), severe renal insufficiency (required preoperative dialysis), or American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification ≥ IV; 6. Allergy to dexmedetomidine and/or esketamine; 7. Other conditions deemed unsuitable for study participation by the investigators.